Which of the following statements is true of planning in dynamic environments? a. organizations must discontinue formal planning in such a scenario. b. organizations should follow a pyramidal structure when operating in uncertain environments. c. flatter organizational hierarchies are necessary for planning in uncertain environments. d. to be useful in a dynamic environment, plans need to be specific and unchanging.

As a senior student representative on the ethics advisory board of your university, you feel strongly that cheating on college exams is unethical. you never cheated on any exam. however, this semester your best friend was desperate for your , and you allowed him to take a quick "peek" at your answer sheet. since then, you feel uncomfortable every time you think of the situation. which of the following concepts best explains your psychological discomfort? a. job detachment b. cognitive dissonance c. emotional labor d. emotional dissonance e. affective detachment