Is a learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus that reflexively elicits an unconditioned response. eventually, the conditioned stimulus itself will evoke the response.

(a) classical conditioning
(b) operant conditioning
(c) the electra complex
(d) the oedipus complex

option A (Classical Conditioning)

Explanation: In Classical Conditioning, there are two stimuli linked together to produce a new response. One of them is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which produces unconditioned responses, and the other one is the neutral stimulus. This last stimulus doesn't produce a response, unless it is linked to a UCS. The first stimulus to appear is the neutral one, then the unconditioned ones takes place. For example, you eat too much burgers (neutral stimulus, it doesn't have a meaning yet), but then you get a stomachache (UCS). Now everytime you smell or eat a burger, you'll remember the time that you got sick and probably won't want to eat it (it's the new response).

"choosing is refusing" means individuals face an opportunity cost with each decision they make. economists state that every decision involves trade-offs. opportunity cost is the least desirable alternative given up as a result of a decision.

dude you should crop your image so only the question shows. but   can you explain it better