Minority groups in the united states have, on average, significantly lower net worth than white americans even when the two have similar education, income, and occupations. sociologists attribute the wealth gap largely to housing policies that excluded minority individuals from home ownership. this is an example of discrimination.
a. de jure.
b. purposeful.
c. past-in-present.
d. side-effect.

This is an example of C. Past-in-present discrimination.

Explanation:

Past-in-present discrimination is a term used to describe the present effects of discrimination that minority groups suffer, due to past discrimination. Most of the discriminatory practices that were legal in the past are no longer allowed, such as the incapability of certain minority groups to own a house, but they have effects that people continue to live with in the present.

In this case, that people couln't own a home has impacted their net worth, although in the present they are allowed to buy a house, which proves that making these discriminatory practices ilegal is has not been enough to close the wealth gap between white Americans and other minority groups, or even the wealth gap between men and women.

answer; cultural trait;

in the united states a public policy is an agreed upon way that our federal, state, or local government fulfills its responsibilities, such as protecting the rights of individuals and promoting the welfare of all the people. some public policies are written into laws by legislatures. other policies are contained in rules and regulations created by executive branches of government, the branches responsible for carrying out and enforcing laws.

the following are examples of public policies and the governmental agencies responsible for carrying them out.

school districts are responsible for making policies regarding student behavior and discipline. teachers and school administrators enforce these policies. state legislatures are responsible for making laws that place speed limits on drivers. police officers enforce these laws. city governments often adopt policies that prohibit people from operating liquor stores near public schools. city inspectors and zoning departments enforce these policies.

when people become aware of problems in their communities, they often want government to develop and carry out policies to deal with those problems. these may be problems for which there are

existing policies or laws that do not work well,

existing policies or laws that are not being enforced,

no policies or laws.

as a citizen of the united states you have a right to say what you think government should do about problems in your community. you also have a right to say what you think about problems in your state, the nation, and about international problems. you have the right to try to influence the decisions people in your government make about all of those problems.

to be able to participate effectively, however, citizens need to know which levels of government and which governmental agencies are responsible for changing, enforcing, or developing a specific public policy. for example, state legislatures may direct agencies to enact policies resulting from federal legislation. or, local governments may create policies in order to carry out responsibilities assigned to them through laws enacted at the state or federal level. additionally, as part of the process of developing and implementing policy, governmental agencies must determine if the new policy conflicts with existing legislation or policy.

this project is intended to you learn how to express your opinions, how to decide which level of government and which agency is most appropriate for dealing with the problem you identify, and how to influence policy decisions at that level of government. it calls for you to work cooperatively with others in your class and, with the of your teacher and adult volunteers, to accomplish the following tas