Aresearcher employs an iv × pv design to examine attitudes toward cheating. she presents freshmen from a private university with a written account describing a male or female student who was accused of cheating on an exam. the same procedure is repeated for a sample of freshmen from a public university. after reading the account, the students were asked to assign an appropriate punishment. the pv in this design would be the:

Jane is a new therapist who works with couples and families. her decision was motivated by her sister melinda’s experience of spousal abuse. when jane meets with her supervisor to review cases, he points out that jane takes sides with her female clients when they cry or describe intense conflicts with their husbands. she believes her supervisor is blind to the signs of abuse. what critical thinking pitfall do jane’s reactions show?