Compared to operant conditioning, classical conditioning: a. involves an association between two stimuli. b. involves an association between a stimulus and a response. c. was discovered later than operant conditioning. d. involves brand new behaviors that have been learned.

Classical conditioning was introduced by the Russian scientist, Ivan Pavlov while Operant conditioning was introduced by the American scientist, B.F Skinner. Compared to operant conditioning, classical conditioning:

Classical conditioning involved the association of a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus.

Pavlov observed that when a dog continually heard the sound of a bell before mealtime, it soon began associating that neutral stimulus (sound of a bell) to the unconditioned stimuli (the desire for food).

Operant conditioning focuses on the strengthening or punishment of behaviors after they occur.

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a. involves an association between two stimuli.

Explanation:

Classic conditioning is a concept created by Pavlov regarding his experiments with dogs. It is the association of an initially neutral stimulus with a significant stimulus. In this way, when the neutral stimulus is presented, in the absence of the other stimulus, a response similar to the one that would occur if the significant stimulus were presented. This ability to associate stimuli, however different they may be, helps us in a multitude of daily situations.

new communications technology has affected the way social movements are organized because nowadays, social movements rely on social networks and the media to get different people with a similar way of thinking in contact, and thus, get them to mobilize for a greater cause.

individuals only participate in collective action when they feel identified with it. is in this aspect that social media becomes relevant, because it guarantees communication among all individuals and organizes the social actions that are going to be carried out, i.e., the social movements.

in addition, being covered by the media is important to validate the message and make it relevant in the social agenda, as well as to reach more people who can share interests, appealing to public sympathy for their cause.

in conclusion, it is by social networks and social media that social movement is given birth; by connecting different individuals with similar ideas and organizing them to mobilize for a greater cause.