Programs in which people pay now for some potential future benefit are known as –, whereas programs in which recipients are not expected to pay for the program and instead are awarded based on need are called –.

Programs, where people pay now for some prospective future advantage, are known as contributory, whereas programs where beneficiaries are not likely to pay for the program but are awarded based on need are called noncontributory.

Explanation:

Contributory welfare programs as the name implies are the benefits which can be acquired even after retirement. All Americans are entitled to payroll taxes as per the law which allows them to be eligible for such programs.

Social security program which provides safety to the adults, unemployment insurance safeguards the American unemployed people in daily life and health insurance for the people who have prolonged illness.

Non-contributory programs such as Medicaid provide benefit to low income Americans. Even though people have not paid any taxes; they are entitled for such programs.  

answer; overt behavior;

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)