Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. when it comes to men, fatima may be applying : negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.
a. cognitive dissonanceb. diffusion of responsibilityc. social exchanged. stereotypes

Martha participates in a research study in order to receive extra credit for her psychology class. when she arrives in the research office she is given a can of what looks and tastes like beer, but which actually contains no alcohol. in the adjoining room martha's classmate karen is also participating in the study. karen receives a can of alcoholic beer. if the experiment was designed to test the effects of alcohol on concentration, then who is exposed to the independent variable?