Every week during football season, fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams. before the games, fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out. on monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the games came out exactly as he thought they would and why. fred seems to be demonstrating a. overconfidence bias b. hindsight bias c. inductive reasoning d. deductive reasoning

Option b

Explanation:

Fred in the scenario is demonstrating hindsight bias.

Hindsight bias is also referred as the phenomena of 'knew-it-all-along' and can be defined as the tendency of some people for the perception of the events or over estimation of one's ability to make predictions about the results of any event that could not have been probably predicted.

The hindsight bias might serve as the major cause of the generation of over confidence in an individual about the predictions of the events that can occur in the future.

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.

i got 3,4 and 5 as an answer