According to victor vroom, the three primary elements that determine how willing an employee is to work hard at tasks important to an organization are

Explanation:

The three primary elements that affect an employee labour input to attain organizational goals are listed below;

1. Expectancy: this is the idea that increasing the amount of effort will increase performance (if I work harder then I will perform better.) .

2. Instrumentality: this is the idea that if you perform better, then the outcome will be achieved. (If I perform well, there I will achieve the desired outcome.).

3. Valence: Valence is the perceived value the employee puts on the outcome. For the valence to be positive, the person must prefer attaining the outcome than not attaining it. (If someone is mainly motivated by money, he or she might not value offers of additional time off)

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.

the template that is used is page layout then the margins option and finally choose the normal option.