The text discusses the plight of the irish immigrants in the united states in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward the irish populations. in 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in waterford, a town in ireland, directed against the roma, a people who have been the subject of attack for hundreds of years. the roma are sometimes called gypsies, now a pejorative term. the irony of the attacks on the roma in waterford is that they reflect the same kind of as was directed against the irish a hundred years ago.
a) prejudice.
b) racism.
c) discrimination.
d) racialization.

B. Racism

Explanation:

Racism is an ill intentioned act or opinion that directed toward other races since we inherently believe that their races are somehow inferior and ours are superior in some ways.

This can be seen in the case above, especially from this part of the excerpt:

' vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward the Irish populations'

The attacks was not motivated by actions or status, but rather simply because of their race.

I will also mentioned why other options are incorrect:

- prejudice.

Unfair opinion that we have over a certain group of people. This could include religious group and gender. Not race alone

- Discrimination

Probable the ill intention ed acts are similar to racism. But it also could be targeted to other group that is not based on race (such as gender or sexual orientation)

- Racialization

Occurs when we give a racial identities to a certain group of people who don't identify as such. Not the case in this particular scenario.

the first settlements began along the huang river because of the importance of the huang river in the beginning of china. it goes back to the story, “the tale of emperor yu”, which references the tale of the great flood, which was caused by the huang river and was believed to create and influence china’s making.

in this scenario it would be the consumer demand as most influential in making the decision. the band members need to figure out where and from whom they will make the most money, in other words who out of the two consumer groups - football fans or car drivers - will spend their money, who is more likely to contribute to their cause and buy what they are offering.