Twenty dogs are initially presented with numerous cs-tone/us-footshock pairings. these dogs are then placed in a shuttle box, and movement from one side of the shuttle to the other terminates periodic presentations of the cs tone. no shocks are delivered in the shuttle box. this is an example

Where did women first gain economic freedom

Recall that in one condition of the experiment conducted by stasser and titus (1985) about student council president candidates, all group members had access to the same information, and that in another condition, members had unique information that other group members didn't know. in the second (unshared information) condition, the group made a worse decision than in the first (shared information) condition. this occurred because groups seldom can agree on who is most expert. focus discussion on the information that all members know. often ignore dissenting opinions. avoid differences of opinion, given conformity pressures.

Why couldn’t other societies utilize horses the same way the mongols could?