Ideas about life, the way the society should work, and where we fit into it are called?

a. norms

b. beliefs

c. material culture

d. sanctions

These are not sanctions as sanctions are punitive actions against other governments.

They are also not material, as you can't touch them, so they are quite immaterial.

The correct answer is that they are beliefs, for  example the idea of gender equality can be referred to as the belief in gender equality.