One problem with using punishment to alter behavior is that parents will often pay less attention to a child when it is reading quietly than when he or she is engaging in a behavior that is unacceptable. when does this happen?

When the above happens, punishment may become a signal for positive reinforcement.

Positive reinforcement is basically a process in which we encourage a respective behavior through some rewards or the appraisal. We should always follow the positive reinforcement at our home.

In the classroom of the children and our workplaces to avoid any change in behavior of the children due to any type of punishment. Punishment often results in a change in behavior of the children so we should avoid this and follow positive reinforcement.  

d. the polar jet stream   lies between the polar easterlies and trade winds should be your answer