Gillian’s kids struggle to get out the door in the morning for school, so she creates a sticker chart where they can put on a sticker each time they are ready to go before 7 a. m. once they fill they chart, they’ll get a new bunk bed. this is an example of

Secondary reinforcement

Explanation:

Secondary reinforcement has to do with a scenario where a response reinforces a behavior after being previously associated with reinforcers which are naturally occurring in the sense that they require no effort or form of learning. The natural reinforcers are called primary reinforcers and they include air, food, sleep and air. Gillian's kids were to be given a reward after they were done with an approved chore which is a form of secondary reinforcement. However the difference between Gillian rewarding and bribing her kids is that she rewarded after they were done with the chore and not before.

- "sack of constantinople, (april 1204). the diversion of the fourth crusade from the holy land to attack, capture, and pillage the byzantine city of constantinople divided and dissipated the efforts of the christians to maintain the war against the muslims. the fourth crusade was corrupted from its purpose early on."

- "the crusades were a series of religious wars undertaken by the latin church. the first crusade arose after a call to arms in 1095 sermons by pope urban ii. the first crusade unleashed a wave of impassioned, pious catholic fury, which was of constantinople, the capital of the christian-controlled byzantine empire."

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