After dogs have experienced inescapable shocks, they are placed in a shuttlebox in which they can easily jump over a barrier from one side of the shuttlebox to the other. if the dogs have developed learned , they would most likely respond to another shock

They will respond to another shock by failing to attempt escape.

Explanation: Learned helplessness is a belief that one is incapable of performing some tasks after a series of failures. In this case, the dogs will not attempt to escape even if they could easily jump the shuttle box in reality.

the answer might be either a or c. can't be too sure , because i searched the web, but no valid answers came through.

for many centuries there were important factors which the economies of the muslim empires developed increasingly. they applied economic procedures in production, investment, finance, taxation and property. they used to tax certain goods (for example: harvest), they charged interest on money lent, they signed contracts with merchants; they relied on a common currency, and they used checks as well as promissory notes. with the money collected by means of taxation, the government provided the needy with an income. in addition, trading networks covered huge distances, so far regions started to have contact and exchange goods. this trade network covered areas of asia, africa and europe.