Dr. kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. he is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. for example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? dr. kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering rem (rapid eye movement) sleep. using an electroencephalograph (eeg) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter rem sleep and then wake them. after the participants are awake for one minute, dr. kushner plans to let them return to sleep. as they enter rem sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. he plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. the following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample sat test. dr. kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which principles of the belmont report?

The answer is - Principle of Justice

Explanation:

The Belmont Report summarizes ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human subjects, it includes three principles which are; The Respect for Persons, Justice and Beneficence.

The principle of Justice addresses the distribution of the burdens and benefits of research. It calls for balance between the kind of participants in the research and the kind of people who benefit from it. It is the belief that the participants in a research study should be the type of people who will also benefit from a research study. It should not be the case that one group in the society bears the cost of research while another group reap its benefits.

Like in Dr. Kushner's study, the participants should also benefit from the study.

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.