Dr. mccall found that class projects were of poorer quality when students worked in groups compared to when each student did an individual project. this difference can be explained by the phenomenon of:
a. cognitive dissonance
b. social loafing
c. the sleeper effect
d. polarization

b. social loafing

Explanation:

In sociology, the term social loafing refers to the phenomenon by which  people tend to exert less effort on a task if they are in a group versus when they work alone. In other words, when people are working in a group they exert less effort and therefore the results can be poorer than when working by themselves.

In this example, Dr. McCall found that class projects were of poorer quality when students worked in groups compared to when they did individual projects. We can see that the students might be exerting less effort on the class projects and therefore they are getting poorer results. Therefore, this would be an example of social loafing.

facts: the 14th amendment

the 14th amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws.

the 14th amendment was intended to protect the rights of former slaves after the american civil war.

the 14th amendment was approved by congress in june of 1866 and ratified by the states on july 9, 1868.

the 14th amendment establishes that all persons born in the united states are citizens and are guaranteed all the rights of citizenship.

the 14th amendment establishes that the law protects all citizens equally.

in this case the passage of the 14th amendment   that was violated was the last part in which it states that there is equal protection of the law.