If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. this best illustrates:
a) pontaneous recovery.
b) associative learning.
c) observational learning.
d) operant conditioning.
e) habituation.

Associative learning

Explanation:

Associative learning refers to how our learning ideas and experience are all linked to one another

Associative Learning and Behavior

Associative learning is a conditioning of a behavior that is dependent on a stimulus and a behavior. This means people can learn a behavior and ag the same time can get rid of a behavior depending on its response.

A sea slug knows that if it squirted with water it will receive an electrical shock due to knowing this response the sea slug has enhanced its protective withdrawal to a squirt of water.

A behavior that is not rewarding will result to a person associating its response with their action which means they will try by all means to unlearn that behavior to avoid the unrewarding response.

marginal cost is a microeconomic measure that us to evaluate the extent to which the level of production of a good is sustainable in accounting, that is, to how many quantities the company plans to profit from the production of the good.

the concept of marginal cost is simple, it means the cost of producing one more item. for example, in the case of pies, the marginal cost is the cost of producing one more pie than those that have already been produced.

it is important to understand that productive activity influences marginal cost. the marginal cost of some goods can be very high, while others may be insignificant. for example, the marginal cost of producing an extra plane is very high. already the marginal cost of a water company to provide 1l more water is derisory.

in the case of pies, the cost involves the inputs, the labor and the fixed cost, which involves the fixed space of the bakery. the level of production initially has the marginal cost decreasing because there is space and manpower available. however, to produce more you have to hire more workers and buy more inputs. if physical space is limited, workers will conflict with places, inputs and their productivity will decrease, meaning there is an optimum point of production for each level of space and manpower. from this point on, the productivity of the workers will be getting smaller because of lack of space, so that the marginal cost of producing one more pie will be increasing. so, although you have not posted the chart, but if you have the answer, you can see that my explanation goes according to the marginal cost curve that will increase from the 4th pie, answer (c).