Who issues a certificate of authority to enable an insurer to conduct insurance business within a particular state?

State Insurance Commissioner.

Explanation: A state insurance commissioner is a public office holder in charge of advocating for the consumer's protection and also serve as insurance regulator. The state insurance commissioner plays the role of protecting the interest of the general public in insurance and insurance policies. Out of 50 states in the US 11 states choose their state insurance commissioner through election, while 39 other states choose by appointment.

south, because if you took a map you would see texas is directly in the middle of east and west, but it is also downwards towards mexico, therefore it is south

answer; biological;