An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief is referred to as

chiefdom

Explanation:

Embedded in the theory of cultural evolution, anthropologist describes Chiefdom as social-political organization in which communities were headed by a paramount chief. This type of political organization is found in the non-industrial world where the chief exercised power over several communities. A chief is seemed to have a divine right to rule and his position is permanent and hereditary.

the first one is d and the second a