Imagine that we are interested in how maternal separation affects stress early in life. to explore this relationship, we randomly assign young rat pups to either be separated from their mothers for 8 hours per day or to remain with their mothers all day. we then measure corticosterone levels (a hormonal marker of stress) in all of the rat pups at the end of the day. what is the independent variable? acorticosterone levelsbstress experienced by rat pupscmaternal separationdyoung rat pups

Paula maintained her normal weight during her freshman year in college. during her sophomore year, she moved into an apartment with two friends who are overweight. the three regularly enjoy high-calorie meals together, and paula has gained more than twenty pounds. she wants to lose weight, but it seems as if, whenever she plans to prepare a healthful, low-calorie meal, her roommates come home with a box of pizza or take-out burgers and fries. what type of influence are her friends having on her behavior? social undermining moral support emotional encouragement informal persuasion social undermining