Benny, a supervisor, needs to assess amanda's, a subordinate's, performance. he considers amanda to be reliable and meets all his requirements, so he rates her as a good performer. but then benny thinks about an exceptional employee, christina, in his department, and decides that, compared with her, amanda is just average. in this way, benny's rating is a error.

b. contrast

Explanation:

This example is missing its options. The options for this question are:

A. distributional

B. contrast

C. horns

D. leniency

E. halo

In psychology and usually in recruitment and processes of interviewing candidates for a job, the contrast error is a type of bias that occurs when the evaluation we make of a person is influenced by the impression that the previous persons made on us. In other words, the previous candidates and the impression they made on us set a benchmark that we will use to evaluate the other candidates and therefore, we'll be comparing the latter with the first ones.

In this example, Benny needs to assess Amanda's performance and he rates her as a good performer. However, then Benny thinks about an exceptional employee, Christina, and decides than compared with her, Amanda is just average. We can see that the impression Christina is making on Benny is affecting the evaluation he is making of Amanda's performance since Amanda is setting a higher benchmark (since she is exceptional) that Benny is using to compare Amanda.  Therefore, Benny's rating is a contrast error.

In interview or performance appraisal process, error caused by the effect of previously interviewed or appraised applicants on the interviewer. It results in a conscious or subconscious comparison of one applicant with another, and tends to exaggerate the differences between the two.

for many centuries there were important factors which the economies of the muslim empires developed increasingly. they applied economic procedures in production, investment, finance, taxation and property. they used to tax certain goods (for example: harvest), they charged interest on money lent, they signed contracts with merchants; they relied on a common currency, and they used checks as well as promissory notes. with the money collected by means of taxation, the government provided the needy with an income. in addition, trading networks covered huge distances, so far regions started to have contact and exchange goods. this trade network covered areas of asia, africa and europe.