The transactional model builds on the linear and interactive models by recognizing that in many communicative interactions, the speaker and listener are simultaneously encoding and decoding messages within an environment that includes the context of the situation as well as the personal and cultural backgrounds of each communicator. thus, there is is not a delay in acting as a sender or receiver, but rather, both parties communicate (provide feedback, encode, and decode messages) simultaneously.

There are two communication models:

- The transactional

- The linear

The transactional model is bi-directional and happens, when one person or subsystem interacts and the second one interacts back.

The linear communication model happens when the sender creates a message with the correct channel code and sends it out to the audience.

Explanation:

Linear model of communication is rather basic as the sender interacts with the receiver, but transactional model builds upon it two people communicating to one another simultaneously.

The transactional model or circular model, is used for interpersonal communication the sender can encode the message in writing or as a speech, aiming to convey information to a receiver, who will decode it reading or listening, taking turns each time.

Barnlund's transactional model varies by means that it is a multi-layered feedback system. The sender and the receiver are in the same level of continuous interchange process and the feedback for one is the message for the other.

because he had a big bear belly

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.