After hearing the sound of an ambulance, you may be momentarily predisposed to interpret a friend's brief coughing spell as a symptom of serious illness. this best illustrates the impact of:
a) shallow processing.
b) the self-reference effect.
c) priming.
d) echoic memory

This best illustrates the impact of: priming.

Explanation:

Essentially, priming indicates initiating a particular part of your brain, so you're more apt to acknowledge something in front of you. Priming in psychology is a procedure in which the introduction of one stimulus impacts how people react to a consequent stimulus.

Priming operates by stimulating a relationship or description in memory just before added stimulus or task is included.  Priming can act with stimuli that are correlated in a kind of way. When a word, an image, a sound, or any other stimulus elicits an incorporated response, priming is at play.

Here ambulance sound and coughing is correlated in memory to think it as serious illness.

answer; eliminate parking problems in cities, because a car took up only half as much space as a horse and buggy;