No one who lacks knowledge of a subject is competent to pass judgment on that subject. since political know-how is a matter, not of adhering to technical rules, but of insight and style learned through apprenticeship and experience, only seasoned politicians are competent to judge whether a particular political policy is fair to all. a major weakness of the argument is that it(a) relies on a generalization about the characteristic that makes someone competent to pass judgment(b) fails to give specific examples to illustrate how political know-how can be acquired(c) uses the term "apprenticeship" to describe what is seldom a formalized relationship(d) equates political know-how with understanding the social implications of political policies(e) assumes that when inexperienced politicians set policy they are guided by the advice of more experienced politicians