Which term does James Madison use to describe a number of citizens united by a common passion or interest?

A Faction

Explanation: James Madison described a faction as a number of citizens who are united by a common passion or interest. Factions form as a result of different opinions or social classes and people form groups with the people who have the same passions and interest. The problem with factions is that they may pursue the interest of their group above that of the society as a whole.

However, Madison also saw the solution to this problem in the large quantity of factions that exist in any given society. Because there are multiple factions with different interests, the members will be forced to consider the rights of others as no one faction can be the majority.

classical republicanism, also known as civic humanism, is a form of republicanism  developed in the renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of  classical  antiquity, especially such  classical  writers as aristotle, polybius, and cicero.