Sociologists refer to the range of government and legal branches, including agencies and offices of the government, lawmaking bodies, the legal system, the military, and even the constitution, as .

a.) the state
b.) rules of action
c.) legal order
d.) formal control institutions

Pj conducts an experimental study on the effects of soft music during high stakes science testing. he randomly assigns students at the school. in one condition he does not provide music for testing while in the other group he does provide the music. he administers a pretest at the beginning of the year and a posttest at the end of the year. pj’s design is best described as a: a.static group comparisonb. pretest-posttest control group designc.control-group-time-series designd. nonrandomized control-group pretest-posttest design