From an evolutionary perspective, phobias are a result of learning, which suggests that humans and other animals that rapidly learn to fear certain threatening objects or situations would have a selective advantage over other members of the species.
A. Prepared
B. Innate
C. Instinctive
D. Associative

Prepared learning

Explanation:

Prepared learning is like to inclined to a certain stimulus associated with a certain response. This is the concept that plays a vital role in learning. This process helps to understand the concept of classical conditioning. Some connections are already disposed of. Another association is not disposed of because these associations are naturally formed. Many people are naturally predisposed to the preparedness of taste and illness.  

Thus from the evolutionary perspective phobia is associated with prepared learning.

the psychological impact of incarceration

explanation:

a brief interference with a person's freedom of movement with a duration that can be measured in minute.

corrupt also means cruel