In one massive study of 11,000 twin pairs in four countries, the heritability of general intelligence (g) between middle childhood and adolescence and it between adolescence and young adulthood.
a. decreased; decreased
b. increased; increased
c. decreased; increased
d. increased; decreased

Absolute

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.