The doctrine of is the principle that performing a good action may be permissible even if it has bad effects, but performing a bad action for the purpose of achieving good effects is never permissible.

The doctrine of double effect is the principle that performing a good action may be permissible even if it has bad effects, but performing a bad action for the purpose of achieving good effects is never permissible.

Explanation:

This doctrine refers to the two possible types of consequences produced by a particular action, called desired effects and undesirable effects. It's traditionally assigned to Thomas Aquinas who first created the expression to explain the ambivalence of human behavior that oscillates between good and evil.

the answer is d. amendments.