April Jackson's students have difficulty understanding the concept pressure, tending to equate it with force. To try to help her students understand the difference, she stands with both feet on the floor and then stands with one foot on the floor. She then helps the students understand that the amount of force she exerts on the floor is the same on either one foot or both feet, but she exerts twice as much pressure on one foot, because the force is on a smaller area.

The way April represented her content-standing on one foot and then standing on two feet to show the students the difference between force and pressure is best described as a(n):

The defendant, angered because a rival gang member had twice beaten him up after school, obtained a heavy lead pipe and waited in a deserted alleyway which he knew the rival took as a route home every day after school. when his enemy came walking down the alley, the defendant leapt out behind him and smashed the pipe into the victim's head, knocking him to the ground. the defendant then rolled the victim over and pounded his face with 15 to 20 heavy blows with the lead pipe, killing him. the jurisdiction defines first degree murder as murder committed with premeditation and deliberation. all other murders are defined as second degree murders. why will the defendant be convicted of first degree murder (as opposed to second degree murder)?