Which best describes a similarity between how the Chinese Ming and Japanese Tokugawa governments viewed Jesuit missionaries?

They both felt that Jesuit missionaries were undermining the native religion.

They both saw Europeans as backwards and primitive, but mostly harmless.

They both regarded the missionaries as the first step to conquering Europe.

They both initially welcomed Jesuit missionaries for their potential links to Europe.
Who ever answers first will get

Most sociologists agree that: a. culture is central in shaping gender roles, but only in preliterate societies. b. biological factors have some influence, but cultural factors are more important determinants of gender roles. c. biological factors are influential in determining gender roles, but only in industrial or complex societies. d. biological factors only explain differences between men and women with regard to aggression and disease. e. there is no difference between the influences of culture or biology on the development of gender roles, as they are unpredictable.