The , identified by Loeber and his associates, begins at an early age with stubborn behavior; it leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance.

Authority conflict pathway.

Explanation:

As the exercise explains, the authority conflict pathway begins at an early age, before age 12, with stubborn behavior; it leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance. This is likely accompanied with disobedience, such as defiance or passive aggression, resulting in the already mentioned authority avoidance licke running away, breaking parental rules, truancy, etc.

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answer; postconventional;