In expectancy theory, valence is the perception that high levels of effort will lead to outcomes of interest like performance.

a. the perception that performance is related to subsequent outcomes such as rewards.
b. the anticipated satisfaction that will result from an outcome.
c. the degree to which people are treated with respect, kindness, and dignity.

the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

the way in which a living organism or bodily part functions.

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well it depends i think people around the world are coming around to gay marriage. but if you are talking abortion then wow, so much to talk about. such as men thinking they have the right to choose if women can, the fact there are health concerns if the women can't get one, and many more arguments to discuss. so i would definitely say abortion would be a much more interesting topic.

answer; participants attitudes about gun control;