Tolman demonstrated that rats could learn to run a maze correctly even though they were never reinforced for successfully running through it. This demonstrated that the rats called on their to help them reach the end of the maze more quickly.

The answer is latent learning.

Explanation:

Latent learning occcurs when an individual is able to learn without any external reinforcement. In the example, the rats could remember the way out of the map without any rewards or negative reinforcement. Instead, they created a cognitive map (a mental image of the maze path) which they could remember on later attempts. Latent learning is not always directly observable.

answer; observing;

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