Miguel used to enjoy occasionally drinking a glass of red wine, but when he drank too much red wine at a friend's party a few months ago he woke up with a terrible hangover. Since then Miguel refuses to drink any red wine. In this case, Miguel's hangover acted as .

punishment for drinking red wine.

Explanation:

Punishment refers to the word used in operant conditioning to apply to any adjustment that happens following an activity that decreases the probability that the activity will recur in the future. In other words, it emphasizes on the elimination or avoidance of undesirable behavior. As per the question,  Miguel refuses to drink any red wine because of the hangover she has experienced and this experience served as punishment for her.

unless they converted, many non-christians (mainly jews and muslims) were persecuted

we can solve this via the kinematic equation:

where the vertical velocity is zero and so:

since the height of the building is 29.3 meters then:

the ball was in motion for approximately 2.45 seconds