Both John and Fred meet the diagnostic criteria for paranoid personality disorder. John's friends are aware of his paranoia although he continues to live a meaningful life. Fred's paranoia is so extreme that he finds it hard to function in society. The DSM-IVTR, Axis II diagnosis for these individuals would be:

(a) exactly the same
(b) categorically different
(c) in the same category but reflect the different levels of pathology
(d) in the same category with different specifiers

(a) exactly the same

Explanation:

Both John and Fred meet the diagnostic criteria for paranoid personality disorder. John's friends are aware of his paranoia although he continues to live a meaningful life. Fred's paranoia is so extreme that he finds it hard to function in society. The DSM-IVTR, Axis II diagnosis for these individuals would be exactly the same. We must see that some of the examples of the Personality Disorders includes paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder etc

the answer to your question is,

d. when a child was born.

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