Chris and Ivan are 14 years old. Chris dares Ivan by saying, "Let's take a bottle of wine from your grandmother's house. It's OK because she'll never notice." According to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, this represents .

Preconventional morality.

Explanation:

According to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, this represents preconventional morality for the simple reason that, those within this moral limits (kids and, perhaps, teens) do not follow rules because they think of them to be just, but because they fear the punishment. Therefore, Chris and Ivan, who are 14 (could very well enter that parameter) decide to take the wine bottle because the grandma would never notice. This means that, as she won't notice, she won't be able to punish them, meaning that they could get away with it. If they thought she would notice, they wouldn't do it. Not because it's wrong, but because they would certainly be punished.

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they encountered severe weather for which they were poorly prepared.