One criticism of using scale scores or total scores on a test is that it can hide interesting details. For example, Rutkowski and Rutkowski (2009, p. 140) rejected scale scores in favor of an item-level analysis since it would allow "for a closer examination of what respondents in a given country know and how this compares to other countries".

Hello. This question is incomplete. The full question is:

"Original Source Material : We considered a number of methods for measuring similarity between countries with respect to their mathematics attainment. A simple comparison of scale scores over time was rejected as this would limit the investigation to asking how much respondents from a country know on a given topic. Instead, we chose an item-level analysis that allows for a closer examination of what respondents in a given country know and how this compares to other countries.  References:  Rutkowski, L., & Rutkowski, D. (2009). Trends in TIMSS responses over time: Evidence of global forces in education? Educational Research and Evaluation, 15(2), 137-152.

Student Version : One criticism of using scale scores or total scores on a test is that it can hide interesting details. For example, Rutkowski and Rutkowski (2009, p. 140) rejected scale scores in favor of an item-level analysis since it would allow "for a closer examination of what respondents in a given country know and how this compares to other countries".  References:  Rutkowski, L., & Rutkowski, D. (2009). Trends in TIMSS responses over time: Evidence of global forces in education? Educational Research and Evaluation, 15(2), 137-152.

Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?

Word-for-Word plagiarism . Paraphrasing plagiarism . This is not plagiarism"

This is not plagiarism

Explanation:

As you can see in the question above, the student exposed all the references he used in his text. In addition, the student used a quote that was written by another author, however, the student shows in the text that the words written in that quote are not his own, and he does so by exposing the quote authors and crediting them for the words used . This can be seen in the part "For example, Rutkowski and Rutkowski (2009, p. 140) rejected scale scores in favor of an item-level analysis since it would allow" for a closer examination ... "

a secular government seeks to separate its decisions and policies from religious influences. good luck

explanation: