Dr. Alvarez from the University of Puerto Rico provides Julio with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something Dr. Alvarez likes. The doctor then punishes him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something Dr. Alvarez does not like. She is applying the principles of in an attempt to modify Julio's behavior.

Opera-nt conditioning

Explanation:

Opera-nt conditioning was proposed by B.F Skinner. This is the phenomenon that works on the reward and punishment for desired behavior. These phenomena make an association between the particular behavior and its consequences.

Skinner was the father of opera--nt conditioning but his work was influenced by the work of Thorndik-e law of effect. Skinner adds one law in his principle which is called reinforcement. According to this law, the behavior that is repeated is reinforced by some reward. Dr. Alveraz here used the opera-nt conditioning to modify the behavior of Julio

facts: the 14th amendment

the 14th amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws.

the 14th amendment was intended to protect the rights of former slaves after the american civil war.

the 14th amendment was approved by congress in june of 1866 and ratified by the states on july 9, 1868.

the 14th amendment establishes that all persons born in the united states are citizens and are guaranteed all the rights of citizenship.

the 14th amendment establishes that the law protects all citizens equally.

in this case the passage of the 14th amendment   that was violated was the last part in which it states that there is equal protection of the law.