A study examining the effects of motivation by comparing high hopes of success vs. fear of failure when completing a task under increasing pressure showed that:

A. the brain chemicals were unaffected by hope of success.
B. high hopes of success induced high levels of cortisol.
C. motivation from hope of success produced chemicals to enable a high level of effectiveness without producing cortisol.
D. motivation by fear produced the fastest, most efficient and healthiest response.

B. high hopes of success induced high levels of cortisol.

Explanation:

A large body of evidence is dedicated to elucidating the relationship between pain and stress. Numerous prospective studies have reported baseline anxiety scores to be significant predictors of pain, depression, and a reduced quality of life. Importantly, pain itself is a stressor, and a maladaptive response to acute pain may intensify the pain experience and condition a sensitized physiologic stress response to pain-provoking stimuli. Exaggerated, prolonged, or recurrent activation of a sensitized stress response to pain or non–pain-related stressors may initiate or exacerbate pain and disability. Although the relationship between pain and stress is widely accepted, the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms involved are less understood.

loess contribute to the flooding of rivers by providing the silt that is washed into rivers and constantly raises the bed of the rivers. this elevation above the surrounding flood plains and dams allow the river to overwhelm the dams and flood thousand of square miles of neighboring flood plains.

parable of the tares

explanation: