Michael fails to present his science project on time. He informs his teacher that it was because his younger brother had destroyed it while playing. However, when his friend, James, forgets to get his project, Michael quickly assumes that James was lazy to do his project. In the context of social perception, Michael is demonstrating the:

The actor-observer-bias

Explanation:The actor-observer bias refers to a social perception in which a person tends to attribute their own behavior or actions to external causes however attributing other people's behavior to internal factors i.e Michael attribute his failure to submit assignment as due to his young brother destroying it however he attributes James behavior of not submitting an assignment as due to being lazy.

Actor observer effect

Explanation:

Michael is clearly demonstrating the Actor-observer effect of social perception.

When we say, "Actor-observer effect", we simply make reference to the tendency to relate a person's personal behaviours or actions to causes that are external and beyond control while at the same time connecting or relating other people's actions to causes that are internal. The term explains that a lot of persons try to assume or attribute certain things depending on who is involved at that very circumstance.

It is important to note that the Actor-observer bias always seem to come into effect more when the circumstances aren't too favourable. A person will likely result to apportioning blames when situations do not go well with him or her but will almost certainly with the same breath blame another person if the same fate befalls the person.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.