Reading research shows that top-down processing: a) is inhibited in favor of bottom-up processing b) is relied on along with bottom-up processing c) is used instead of bottom-up processing d) is only used in knowledge-telling situations

its d. you give me brainliest

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an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

answer; allows decision to stand;