Dr. Zhang notices that his client, Lucian, becomes very defensive when asked to elaborate on his financial difficulties. Dr. Zhang infers that Lucian has likely been defensive with his parents and supervisors at work. What technique is Dr. Zhang using to make his inference?

transference

Explanation: Transference occurs when an individual subconsciously takes out or redirects his or her feelings to another individual, this person may be an important person in the individual's life or has played a major role in the life of the individual especially based on the issue or topic being discussed. The redirected feelings are usually negative as such individual feels that his present condition today is down to the impact of past influences or actions he has had,Therefore unconsciously redirecting his feelings to those he felt have put him or her his present state.

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.