Tying drug use to factors such as racial prejudice, low self-esteem, poor socioeconomic status and the high levels of mistrust, negativism and defiance found in impoverished areas, describes which causal explanation of drug use?
a) Social learning.
b) Psychological view.
c) Subcultural view.
d) Problem behavior syndrome.

c) Subcultural view.

Explanation:

In sociology and psychology, the subcultural theorists say that deviance from the norm is the result of subgroups who set apart from the norm and who have deviant values, thus, drug use can emerge from the relation between these subcultures (based on race, status, negativism from impoverished areas) and the identity the person develops ("I belong to this culture, and people from this culture uses drugs").

Thus, tying drug use to factors such as racial prejudice, low self-esteem, poor socioeconomic status and the high levels of mistrust, negativism and defiance found in impoverished areas (subcultures) describes the subcultural view of drug use.

1) d

2)c

3)b

4) a

5)c

6) c

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.