The conditional distribution of prostate cancer mortality, given a man’s race, shows that black men and white men were, overall, about equally likely to die from prostate cancer. However, when we look at the study broken down by age groups older than and younger than 65, we find that in each age group, black men were more than twice as likely to die from prostate cancer than white men. This apparent contradiction is an example of:
A. Negative association
B. Causation by association
C. Simpson's Paradox
D. Correlation