1.When the New York Yankees win 13 out of 13 games, on what kind of reinforcement schedule do they have their fans? 2.For every 3 correct responses on his match-to-sample task, Joey gets a small spoonful of butterscotch pudding.

Continuous schedule

Fixed-ratio schedule (intermittent)

Explanation:

A continuous schedule of reinforcement reinforces every correct or appropriate target behaviour. This is the case of the first example, as every single time the New York Yankees play, they win. It is very likely that the fans will start to believe that the Yankees win every time they play. On the other hand, Joey is on an intermittent schedule. Specifically, he follows a fixed-ratio schedule, as he receives a reward when he gets to the third correct answer. In other words, a reinforcer is presented contingent on a specific number of correct responses.

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)