g Explore the impact of black women’s clubs in the late 19th to early/earlier-20th century. In other words, how did they challenge racism and sexism? What were their preoccupations? How did their programs and agenda help and/or hurt black women?

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

The impact of black women’s clubs in the late 19th to early/earlier-20th century was the following. They were always women that showed unity and solidarity since the formation of theses first groups at the end of the 1700s. They always knew how to organize other women and offer assistance where needed.

They challenge racism and sexism because of their capacity to organize themselves and express their voice although the social conditions of the time were against them. One of the first organized groups that had some impact was the Philadelphia Women's club called the Female Benevolent Society

Among their preoccupations were to fight for the rights of African American people, particularly for women's rights. After the passing of the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865, these groups strengthened their presence to offer support to women. Their programs and agenda helped black women because they were a force behind the struggle for the rights of women. By the 1890s, when many black women were living in the northern states, they focused on social reformations and political changes that benefited African Americans.

answer; the trial de novo