Barbara, a first-line manager at a manufacturing firm, has negative perceptions about her subordinates. She believes that they dislike work and would do anything to avoid it. As a result, she constantly coerces them into working by threatening them with a decrease in pay. In this scenario, Barbara most likely believes in .

The options are

Expectancy theory

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

Theory X

Equity theory

The answer is Theory X

Theory X and Theory Y was developed by psychologist called Douglas McGregor. Theory X involves individuals being less ambitious and unwilling to perform given tasks.

This is given in the question as they dislike work and would do anything to avoid it and they are also constantly coerced into working by threatening them with a decrease in pay which is an example of the Theory X characteristics.

for many centuries there were important factors which the economies of the muslim empires developed increasingly. they applied economic procedures in production, investment, finance, taxation and property. they used to tax certain goods (for example: harvest), they charged interest on money lent, they signed contracts with merchants; they relied on a common currency, and they used checks as well as promissory notes. with the money collected by means of taxation, the government provided the needy with an income. in addition, trading networks covered huge distances, so far regions started to have contact and exchange goods. this trade network covered areas of asia, africa and europe.

answer; existed; limited;