All of the following are examples of indirect strategies used by interest groups to advance their cause EXCEPT: a. Buttonholing.
b. Use of citizen grassroots lobbyists.
c. Electioneering.
d. Protests and civil disobedience.
e. Endorsements and ratings.

a. Buttonholing.

Explanation:

Buttonhole can be defined as stopping an individual so as he or she can listen to you. Buttonholing can simply be defines as the act of keeping an individual against his or her will so that he or she can listen to what you have to say. interest group are group or an association  of people who have similar interest, ides, aim  and pursue a common goal. interest group have different ways of which there communicate their interest of which buttonhole is not among them.

Indirect strategies are those ways or means that are not legal or straightforward that are used to achieve ones aim e;g civil disobedience. interest group will not hold an individual hostage so as to advance their cause or aim.

if interdependence implies a two-way dependence, and if each partner is equally dependent on the other for success, then there is an equal commitment to the making the partnership successful. the advantage is sustainability of the relationship, the disadvantage is that decisions are "democratic" and therefore may take longer to reach and more likely to be a compromise (which is not always the best solution). as the interdependence moves away from equality, the decisions become more influenced by the more independent partner. in the extreme the relationship becomes more dictatorial and more like "master-slave". generally the relationship has less commitment in both directions and is more likely to be temporary.

if one generalizes (and one shouldn't), equity partnerships, which is probably what is implied by interdependence, can be slow to progress or change but durable. the extreme alternative, independent-dependent partnerships tend to be efficient but more fragile.

hope this but you will have to site your own evidence. : )